COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING (S)-7-(1-ACRYLOYLPIPERIDIN-4-YL)-2-(4-PHENOXYPHENYL)-4,5,6,7-TETRA-HYDROPYRAZOLO[1,5-a]PYRIMIDINE-3-CARBOXAMIDE

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising (S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetra-hydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide for the treatment of B-cell malignancies.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a crystalline form of(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetra-hydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide.The present invention also relates to methods of preparing thecrystalline form and methods of using the crystalline form as a Btkinhibitor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) belongs to the Tec tyrosine kinase family(Vetrie et al., Nature 361: 226-233, 1993; Bradshaw, Cell Signal. 22:1175-84, 2010). Btk is primarily expressed in most hematopoietic cellssuch as B cells, mast cells and macrophages (Smith et al., J. Immunol.152: 557-565, 1994) and is localized in bone marrow, spleen and lymphnode tissue. Btk plays important roles in B-cell receptor (BCR) and FcRsignaling pathways, which involve in B-cell development, differentiation(Khan, Immunol. Res. 23: 147, 2001). Btk is activated by upstreamSrc-family kinases. Once activated, Btk in turn phosphorylates PLCgamma, leading to effects on B-cell function and survival (Humphries etal., J. Biol. Chem. 279: 37651, 2004).

These signaling pathways must be precisely regulated. Mutations in thegene encoding Btk cause an inherited B-cell specific immunodeficiencydisease in humans, known as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) (Conley etal., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27: 199-227, 2009). Aberrant BCR-mediatedsignaling may result in dysregulated B-cell activation leading to anumber of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Preclinical studies showthat Btk deficient mice are resistant to developing collagen-inducedarthritis. Moreover, clinical studies of Rituxan, a CD20 antibody todeplete mature B-cells, reveal the key role of B-cells in a number ofinflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupuserythematosus and multiple sclerosis (Gurcan et al., Int.Immunopharmacol. 9: 10-25, 2009). Therefore, Btk inhibitors can be usedto treat autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases.

In addition, aberrant activation of Btk plays an important role inpathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas indicating that inhibition of Btk isuseful in the treatment of hematological malignancies (Davis et al.,Nature 463: 88-92, 2010). Preliminary clinical trial results showed thatthe Btk inhibitor PCI-32765 was effective in treatment of several typesof B-cell lymphoma (for example, 54th American Society of Hematology(ASH) annual meeting abstract, December 2012: 686 The Bruton's TyrosineKinase (Btk) Inhibitor, Ibrutinib (PCI-32765), Has Preferential Activityin the ABC Subtype of Relapsed/Refractory De Novo Diffuse Large B-CellLymphoma (DLBCL): Interim Results of a Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase IStudy). Because Btk plays a central role as a mediator in multiplesignal transduction pathways, inhibitors of Btk are of great interest asanti-inflammatory and/or anti-cancer agents (Mohamed et al., Immunol.Rev. 228: 58-73, 2009; Pan, Drug News perspect 21: 357-362, 2008; Rokoszet al., Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 12: 883-903, 2008; Uckun et al.,Anti-cancer Agents Med. Chem. 7: 624-632, 2007; Lou et al, J. Med. Chem.55(10): 4539-4550, 2012).

International application WO2014173289A disclosed a series of fusedheterocyclic compounds as Btk inhibitors. In particular, WO2014173289Adisclosed(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetra-hydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(hereinafter Compound 1)

Compound 1 is a potent, specific and irreversible BTK kinase inhibitor.The data generated in preclinical studies using biochemical, cell basedand animal studies suggested that Compound 1 could offer significantbenefit in inhibiting tumor growth in B-cell malignancies. As Compound 1was shown to be more selective than ibrutinib for inhibition of BTK vs.EGFR, FGR, FRK, HER2, HER4, ITK, JAK3, LCK, and TEC, it is expected togive rise to less side-effects than ibrutinib in clinic. In addition,Compound 1 showed significantly less inhibition of rituximab-inducedantigen-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) than ibrutinib dueto weaker ITK inhibition, and therefore may provide better efficacy whencombined with rituximab or other ADCC-dependent antibody in treatingB-cell malignancies.

Preclinical safety evaluation has demonstrated that Compound 1 was saferthan ibrutinib in terms of the overall tolerance and severe toxicitiesin both rat and dog single and repeat dose toxicity studies up to 28days. Additionally, Compound 1 had better bioavailability withoutaccumulation issues observed for ibrutinib. These unique characteristicswarrant further evaluation of Compound 1 in clinical studies.

However, Compound 1 was found to be an amorphous form according to thepreparation method for Compound 27 in WO 2014173289A, which was furtherconfirmed by the X-Ray Powder Diffraction pattern of FIG. 7A. Theamorphous form was shown to have a low glass transition temperature asshown in FIG. 7B, indicating some difficulties in the drug formulationwith the amorphous form, such as low stability and hard to purify.Therefore, it's necessary to develop a new form of Compound 1 whichpossesses characteristics such as high melting point and betterstability, suitable for drug formulation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have unexpectedly found a crystalline form of Compound 1,which possesses a high melting point and shows an extremely stableprofile even when stored at 25° C./60% RH for up to 24 months or storedat 40° C./75% RH condition for up to 6 months.

In a first aspect, disclosed herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1,

In some embodiments, the crystalline form of Compound 1 is a crystallineanhydrate (herein referred to as “Crystalline Form A”).

In a second aspect, disclosed herein is a crystalline form of CompoundBG-13, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially inaccordance with FIG. 11 .

In a third aspect, disclosed herein is a method of preparing Compound 1.

Also disclosed herein is an intermediate compound of Formula 1e or asalt thereof, or Formula If or a salt thereof used to prepare Compound1,

In a fourth aspect, disclosed herein is a method of preparingCrystalline Form A disclosed herein.

In a fifth aspect, disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of Crystalline Form Adisclosed herein.

In a sixth aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating a diseaseassociated with undesirable Btk activity in a subject by administeringto a subject Crystalline Form A disclosed herein.

In a seventh aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating a diseaseselected from an allergic disease, an autoimmune disease, aninflammatory disease, a cancer, or a combination of two or more thereof,in a subject by administering to the subject Crystalline Form Adisclosed herein.

In an eighth aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating a B-cellproliferative disease, selected from B-cell malignancies, orrelapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies, in a subject by administeringto the subject Crystalline Form A disclosed herein. In some embodimentof this aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating a B-cellproliferative disease, selected from chronic lymphocytic, non-Hodgkin'slymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma,follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocyticlymphoma, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma, Hairycell leukemia, Burkitt's-like leukemia or a combination of two or morethereof, in a subject by administering to the subject Crystalline Form Adisclosed herein.

In a ninth aspect, disclosed herein is a use of Crystalline Form Adisclosed herein in manufacturing a medicament for treatment of at leastone disease associated with undesirable Btk activity, in a subject.

In a tenth aspect, disclosed herein is a use of Crystalline Form Adisclosed herein in manufacturing a medicament for treatment of adisease selected from an allergic disease, an autoimmune disease, aninflammatory disease, a cancer, or a combination of two or more thereof,in a subject.

In an eleventh aspect, disclosed herein is a use of Crystalline Form Adisclosed herein in manufacturing a medicament for treatment of a B-cellproliferative disease selected from B-cell malignancies, orrelapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies, in a subject. In someembodiment of this aspect, disclosed herein is a use of Crystalline FormA disclosed herein in manufacturing a medicament for treatment of aB-cell proliferative disease selected from chronic lymphocytic,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, mantle celllymphoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, smalllymphocytic lymphoma, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, marginal zonelymphoma, Hairy cell leukemia, Burkitt's-like leukemia, or a combinationof two or more thereof, in a subject.

In a twelfth aspect, disclosed herein is a process for preparing acrystalline form A of Compound 1, comprising mixing amorphous form ofcompound 1 with the following solvent system to form a clear solution;keeping the solution at room temperature or heat with or withoutstirring for a certain period of time to precipitate the crystallineform A, wherein the solvent system is:

ethyl acetate:hexane=1:0.6-0.7 by volume ratio;

ethyl acetate:heptane=1:0.6-0.7 by volume ratio;

ethyl acetate:cyclohexane=1:0.6-1.2 by volume ratio;

methyl acetate:hexane=1:0.6-1.2 by volume ratio;

toluene:hexane=1.0:0.2-0.4 by volume ratio;

toluene:cyclohexane=1.0:0.1-0.2 by volume ratio;

methyl acetate:cyclohexane=0.6-0.8:1.0 by volume ratio;

IPAC:cyclohexane=1.0:0.2-1.0 by volume ratio; or

Isobutyl acetate:cyclohexane=1.0:0.2-1.0 by volume ratio.

In one embodiment, the amorphous form of compound 1 has an ee value morethan 90%. In other embodiment, the amorphous form of compound 1 has anee value of 97%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the XRPD pattern of Crystalline Form A.

FIG. 2 shows the DSC curve of Crystalline Form A.

FIG. 3 shows the TGA curve of Crystalline Form A.

FIG. 4 shows the ¹H-NMR of Crystalline Form A.

FIG. 5 shows the ¹³C-NMR of Crystalline Form A.

FIG. 6 shows DVS plot of Crystalline Form A.

FIG. 7A shows the XRPD pattern of the amorphous form of Compound 1.

FIG. 7B shows the mDSC curve of the amorphous form of Compound 1,showing the glass transition temperature of the amorphous form is 79.7°C. (mid-point temperature).

FIG. 8 shows the absolute structure of single crystal of BG-13.

FIG. 9 illustrates hydrogen bonds of single crystal of BG-13.

FIG. 10 shows a crystal packing of single crystal of BG-13.

FIG. 11 shows the XRPD pattern of single crystal of BG-13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have unexpectedly found that Compound 1 in a crystallineform, named as Crystalline Form A, can only be obtained at a particularconditions, depending on the ee value of the starting materials, and theratio of the co-solvents and so on. A polymorph study was also performedthrough methods of slow evaporation, anti-solvent addition, slowcooling, vapor diffusion and polymer-induced crystallization. Most ofexperiments failed to get crystalline form, which indicates theobtaining of Crystalline Form A is not straight forward.

Further characterization results have revealed that Crystalline Form Ais an anhydrate with a melting point of 139.4±2° C. (onset temperature).To evaluate stability, the sample of Crystalline Form A was stored at80° C. for 2 days, 25° C./60% RH for up to 24 months or 40° C./75% RHcondition for up to 6 months, and characterized by XRPD before, duringand after the stability test. Results showed no crystal form change wasobserved for all the above periods, indicating good physical stabilityof Crystalline Form A at 80° C. or stored at 25° C./60% RH for up to 24months and at 40° C./75% RH condition for up to 6 months.

In some embodiments, Crystalline Form A has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising diffraction peaks having 2θ angle valuesindependently selected from: approximately 14.8±0.2°, 16.4±0.2° and21.4±0.2°.

In some embodiments, Crystalline Form A has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising diffraction peaks having 2θ angle valuesindependently selected from: approximately 14.8±0.2°, 15.6±0.2°,16.4±0.2° and 21.4±0.2°.

In some embodiments, Crystalline Form A has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising diffraction peaks having 2θ angle valuesindependently selected from: approximately 12.2±0.2°, 12.9±0.2°,14.8±0.2°, 15.6±0.2°, 16.4±0.2° and 21.4±0.2°.

In some embodiments, Crystalline Form A has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising diffraction peaks having 2θ angle valuesindependently selected from: approximately 12.2±0.2°, 12.9±0.2°,14.8±0.2°, 15.6±0.2°, 16.4±0.2°, 17.7±0.2°, 18.5±0.2°, 20.7±0.2° and21.4±0.2°.

In some embodiments, Crystalline Form A has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern substantially in accordance with FIG. 1 .

In some embodiments, Crystalline Form A has an X-ray powder diffractionpattern summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Crystalline Form A Diffractionangle Relative Peak # (2-theta) Spacing intensity 1 5.432 16.26908 7.372 10.799 8.19295 2.40 3 12.188 7.26191 13.19 4 12.942 6.84040 13.51 514.820 5.97780 28.09 6 15.587 5.68534 19.63 7 16.350 5.42177 29.30 817.662 5.02158 13.62 9 18.452 4.80853 11.39 10 18.689 4.74791 8.26 1120.729 4.28515 11.07 12 21.420 4.14847 100.00 13 22.035 4.03409 7.59 1422.864 3.88958 6.70 15 23.684 3.75673 5.24 16 25.111 3.54646 2.43 1726.525 3.36044 5.13 18 26.906 3.31381 6.41 19 27.126 3.28741 6.92 2029.641 3.01393 4.61 21 30.755 2.90724 2.58 22 36.421 2.46692 1.29

In some preferred embodiments, Crystalline Form A has a melting point of139±2° C. (onset temperature).

In some preferred embodiments, Crystalline Form A has a DSCsubstantially in accordance with FIG. 2 .

In some preferred embodiments, Crystalline Form A has a TGAsubstantially in accordance with FIG. 3 .

In some embodiments, the crystalline Form A is slightly hygroscopic. Insome embodiments, the crystalline Form A is unsolvated.

In some embodiments, the crystalline Form A has substantially the sameX-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern post storage at 40° C. and 75%RH for up to 6 months. In some embodiments, the crystalline Form A hassubstantially the same X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern poststorage at 25° C. and 60% RH for up to 24 months.

Also disclosed herein is a crystalline form of Compound BG-13, which hasan X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially in accordance withFIG. 11 ,

In some of embodiments, the crystalline form of BG-13 is a singlecrystal, which has a unit cell dimensions comprising a=16.7939(4) Å,b=7.9871(2) Å, c=23.5438(5) Å, alpha=90.00 deg., beta=108.0460(10) deg.,gamma=90.00 deg.

The inventors have deduced the absolute configurations of Compound 1 tobe S from the single crystal X-ray structural analysis of intermediateBG-13.

Also disclosed herein is a method for preparing Compound 1 anddeuterium-labeled Compound 1, such as the procedures depicted inScheme 1. The new synthetic methods and thecrystallization/recrystallization procedures of Compound 1 viacrystalline Form A disclosed herein overcome many issues associated withthe processes reported previously, such as preparation of the key chiralintermediate with >98% optical purity, improve the purity of Compound 1to reach the acceptance criteria in the specification, control theimpurities in Compound 1 and provide many advantages over the existingprocesses. Notably, the methods disclosed herein are especially suitablefor reproducible, commercial-scale manufacture of Compound 1 in highquality and good yields. In an alternative process, BG-9 or its analogsin Scheme 1 could be asymmetrically reduced with low to excellentenantioselectivities (5% ee. to 95% ee). The process of other steps aresimilar to those listed in Scheme 1.

Also disclosed herein is a method for preparing the compound of FormulaIa, comprising asymmetrically reducing the compound of Formula I in thepresence of the catalyst and/or reductant to produce the compound ofFormula Ia,

wherein R¹ is hydrogen or an amino protecting group.

In some embodiments, the amino protecting group includes, but not limitto, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, phenylacetyl, benzoyl, toluyl,Phenoxyacetyl (POA), methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC),2-iodoethoxycarbonyl, carbobenzoxy (CBZ), 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl,(Fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl (Fmoc),4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl (Mtr), benzyl, methyl or4-methoxybenzyl.

In some embodiments, wherein the catalyst is a neutral catalyst systemor a cationic catalyst system. In some preferred embodiments, thecatalyst is a iridium catalyst system including, but not limited to,[Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)-MeO-Biphep, [Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)-Binap,[Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)-Tol-Binap, [Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)-xyl-Binap,[Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(S,S or R,R)-Diop, [Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)—P-Phos,[Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)-Tol-P-Phos, [Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)-Xyl-P-Phos,[Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R,R or S,S)-Me-DuPhos, [Ir(COD)Cl]₂/(R or S)-SegPhos,[Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-Ship, [Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-Siphos,[Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-Siphos-PE, [Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-MonoPhos,[Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-tol-SDP, [Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(S,S or R,R)-Diop,[Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(S,R or R,S)-Josiphos, [Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-Binap,[Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-MeO-Biphep, [Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-Synphos,or [Ir(μ-Cl)(cod)]₂/(R or S)-Difluorphosor [Ir(cod)₂]⁺X⁻ (X: e.g. BF₄,NO₃, OTf, PF₆, SbF₆ and BarF) plus related ligands as described above(Wen-Bo et al., J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 125, 10536-10537 2003. Damien et al.,J. Org. Chem. 77, 4544-4556, 2012. Milos et al., Org. Process Res. Dev.16, 1293-1300, 2012.); a rhodium catalyst system including, but notlimited to, [Rh(COD)₂]BF₄ plus ligands described above (Xiang-Ping etal., Top Organomet Chem 36, 313-354, 2011); or, a ruthenium catalystsystem including, but not limited to, RuCl₂(R or S)-BINAP/(R orS)-DAIPEN, RuCl₂(R or S)-BINAP/(R,R or S,S)-DPEN, RuCl₂(S or R)-BINAP(S,S or R,R)-DACH, RuCl₂[(R or S)-Tol-BINAP][(S,S or R,R)-DPEN],RuCl₂(R,R or S,S)-Me-DuPHOS/(R,R or S,S)-DPEN, RuCl₂(R,R orS,S)-Et-DuPHOS/(R,R or S,S)-DPEN, RuCl₂(R,R or S,S)-Et-DuPHOS/(R,R orS,S)-DACH, RuCl₂(S,S or R,R)-i-Pr-DuPHOS/(R,R or S,S)-DPEN, RuCl₂(R orS)-HexaPHEMP/(R,R or S,S)-DPEN, RuCl₂(R or S)-MeO-BIPHEP/(R,R orS,S)-DPEN (Christopher et al., Adv. Synth. Catal. 345, 195-201, 2003.Julian et al., Adv. Synth. Catal. 345, 300-307, 2003.).

The above method was found to produce excellent enantioselectivities upto 95% ee by using the above catalyst, especially the neutral orcationic iridium catalyst system.

Also disclosed herein is a method for resolving the compound of FormulaIIa to produce the compound of Formula IIb, or improving the chiralpurity of the compound of Formula IIb, comprising treating the racemiccompound of Formula IIa with a chiral acid,

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl or the otherconventional amino protecting groups as mentioned above.

In some embodiments, the chiral acid includes, but not limited to,L-malic acid, D-malic acid, L-Mandelic acid, D-Mandelic acid,L-camphorsulfonic acid, D-camphorsulfonic acid, L-tartaric acid,D-tartaric acid, L-DBTA, D-DBTA, L-DTTA, or D-DTTA.

Also disclosed herein is a method for resolving a compound of Formula Icto produce a compound of Formula Id or improving the chiral purity offormula Id, comprising treating the racemic compound of Formula Ic witha chiral acid,

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl or the otherconventional amino protecting groups as mentioned above.

In some embodiments, the chiral acid includes, but not limited to,L-malic acid, D-malic acid, L-Mandelic acid, D-Mandelic acid,L-camphorsulfonic acid, D-camphorsulfonic acid, L-tartaric acid,D-tartaric acid, L-DBTA, D-DBTA, L-DTTA, or D-DTTA.

Also disclosed herein is a compound of Formula Ie or a salt thereof, orFormula If or a salt thereof used to prepare Compound 1,

Further, the present also provides methods of preparing Crystalline FormA. The crystalline form disclosed herein can be prepared bycrystallizing the compound disclosed herein from a suitable solventsystem comprising at least one solvent, which can be achieved by methodsof spontaneous precipitation (evaporation), cooling, and/or addinganti-solvent (in which the compound disclosed herein has relativelylower solubility), in order to achieve oversaturation in a solventsystem. Crystallization can also be achieved by using or not usingcrystal seeds which is suitable for crystallizing the crystalline formsdisclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing Crystalline Form Acomprises the steps of dissolving(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(Compound 1) in DCM, swapping to solvent EA, recrystallizing fromEA/MTBE, to obtain the target crystalline form.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing Crystalline Form Acomprises the steps of dissolving Compound 1 in EA, adding hexane, toobtain the target crystalline form.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing Crystalline Form A isachieved by adding an anti-solvent into the solution of the solidCompound 1 or crude Form A in a solvent for dissolving the solid,wherein the anti-solvent including, but not limited to, H₂O andn-heptane, and the solvent for dissolving the solid including, but notlimited to, acetone, DMAc, EtOAc, DCM, Toluene, and 2-MeTHF.

In some embodiments, the method of preparing Crystalline Form A isachieved by adding the solution of the solid Compound 1 or crude Form Ain a solvent into an anti-solvent, and allow sufficient time for organicvapor to interact with the solution in a sealed reactor, wherein thesolvent including, but not limited to, acetone, and EtOAc, and theanti-solvent including, but not limited to, n-heptane.

Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprises atherapeutically effective amount of Crystalline Form A, and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is used in an oral administration. In somepreferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 1 wt %to 99 wt % of Crystalline Form A. In some more preferred embodiments,the pharmaceutical composition comprises 1 wt % to 70 wt % ofCrystalline Form A. In some most embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprises 10 wt % to 30 wt % of Crystalline Form A.

The present invention also provide a method of treating or preventing adisease associated with undesirable Btk activity in a subject byadministering to a subject Crystalline Form A.

The present invention also provide a method of treating or preventing adisease selected from an allergic disease, an autoimmune disease, aninflammatory disease, a cancer, or a combination of two or more thereofin a subject by administering to the subject Crystalline Form A.

The present invention also provide a method of treating or preventing aB-cell proliferative disease in a subject by administering CrystallineForm A to the subject.

In some embodiments, the B-cell proliferative disease is B-cellmalignancies including but not limited to, lymphoma, non-Hodgkin'slymphoma (NHL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle celllymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia(WM), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), Hairy cell leukemia (HCL),Burkitt's-like leukemia (BL).

In some embodiments, the B-cell proliferative disease isrelapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell malignancies including, but limited to,R/R MCL, R/R CLL, R/R SLL, R/R WM.

The Crystalline Form A disclosed herein can be used in manufacturing amedicament for treatment of at least one disease associated withundesirable Btk activity, in a subject.

The Crystalline Form A disclosed herein can be used in manufacturing amedicament for the treatment of a disease selected from an allergicdisease, an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a cancer, or acombination of two or more thereof, in a subject.

The Crystalline Form A disclosed herein can be used in manufacturing amedicament for the treatment of a B-cell proliferative disease selectedfrom B-cell malignancies, or relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies, ina subject.

The updated clinical trials continue to demonstrate that Compound 1 iswell tolerated in treatment naïve (TN) and relapsed/refractory (R/R)B-cell malignancies, eg., in WM, with a very good partial response(VGPR) rate of over 40% in an evaluable population of 42 patients andwith an overall response rate (ORR) of 90% in 42 efficacy-evaluablepatients with a median follow-up time of 12.3 months, and in CLL/SLL,with a high overall response rate (94%) and a very low treatmentdiscontinuation rate (3%) at a median follow-up of 10.5 months forefficacy evaluation.

Definitions

Unless specifically defined elsewhere in this document, all othertechnical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonlyunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventionbelongs.

As used herein, including the appended claims, the singular forms ofwords such as “a”, “an”, and “the”, include their corresponding pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, forexample, reference to “a crystalline form” includes one or more of suchdifferent crystalline forms and reference to “the method” includesreference to equivalent steps and methods know to those of ordinaryskill in the art that could be modified or substituted for the methodsdescribed herein.

As disclosed herein, the crystalline form is an approximately purecrystalline. The term “approximately pure” as herein used refers to atleast 85 wt %, preferably at least 95 wt %, more preferably at least 99wt % of Crystalline Form A disclosed herein.

For crystalline forms disclosed herein, only the main peaks (i.e, themost characteristic, significant, unique and/or reproducible peaks) aresummarized; additional peaks may be obtained from the diffractionspectra by conventional methods. The main peaks described above can bereproduced within the margin of error (±2 at the last given decimalplace, or ±0.2 at the stated value).

As disclosed herein, “an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantiallyin accordance with FIG. 1 ” refers to the X-ray powder diffractionpattern that show major peaks as in FIG. 1 , wherein major peaks referto those with the relative intensity greater than 10%, preferablygreater than 20%, relative to the highest peak (with its relativeintensity designated to be 100%) in FIG. 1 .

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless thecontext requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as“comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusionof a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not theexclusion of any other integer or step or group of integer or step. Whenused herein the term “comprising” can be substituted with the term“containing” or sometimes when used herein with the term “having”.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as herein used, refers tothe amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject fortreating a disease, or at least one of the clinical symptoms of adisease or disorder, is sufficient to affect such treatment for thedisease, disorder, or symptom. The “therapeutically effective amount”can vary with the compound, the disease, disorder, and/or symptoms ofthe disease or disorder, severity of the disease, disorder, and/orsymptoms of the disease or disorder, the age of the subject to betreated, and/or the weight of the subject to be treated. An appropriateamount in any given instance can be apparent to those skilled in the artor can be determined by routine experiments. In the case of combinationtherapy, the “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the totalamount of the combination objects for the effective treatment of adisease, a disorder or a condition.

The pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound disclosed hereincan be administrated via oral, inhalation, rectal, parenteral or topicaladministration to a subject in need thereof. For oral administration,the pharmaceutical composition may be a regular solid formulation suchas tablets, powder, granule, capsules and the like, a liquid formulationsuch as water or oil suspension or other liquid formulation such assyrup, solution, suspension or the like; for parenteral administration,the pharmaceutical composition may be solution, water solution, oilsuspension concentrate, lyophilized powder or the like. Preferably, theformulation of the pharmaceutical composition is selected from tablet,coated tablet, capsule, suppository, nasal spray or injection, morepreferably tablet or capsule. The pharmaceutical composition can be asingle unit administration with an accurate dosage. In addition, thepharmaceutical composition may further comprise additional activeingredients.

All formulations of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein canbe produced by the conventional methods in the pharmaceutical field. Forexample, the active ingredient can be mixed with one or more excipients,then to make the desired formulation. The “pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient” refers to conventional pharmaceutical carriers suitable forthe desired pharmaceutical formulation, for example: a diluent, avehicle such as water, various organic solvents, etc, a filler such asstarch, sucrose, etc a binder such as cellulose derivatives, alginates,gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); a wetting agent such asglycerol; a disintegrating agent such as agar, calcium carbonate andsodium bicarbonate; an absorption enhancer such as quaternary ammoniumcompound; a surfactant such as hexadecanol; an absorption carrier suchas Kaolin and soap clay; a lubricant such as talc, calcium stearate,magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, etc. In addition, thepharmaceutical composition further comprises other pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients such as a decentralized agent, a stabilizer, athickener, a complexing agent, a buffering agent, a permeation enhancer,a polymer, aromatics, a sweetener, and a dye.

The term “disease” refers to any disease, discomfort, illness, symptomsor indications, and can be interchangeable with the term “disorder” or“condition”.

Abbreviations

AcOH Acetic acid AEs Adverse events BID Twice a day CLL Chroniclymphocytic leukemia Con. Concentrated D-DBTA (2S, 3S)-Dibenzoyltartaric acid DDQ 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone DCMDichloromethane DIEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DLBCL Diffuse large Bcell lymphoma DMAc N,N-dimethylacetaminde DMF N,N-dimethylformamideDMF-DMA N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide DSCDifferential Scanning Calorimetry DVS Dynamic Vapo Sorption EA EthylAcetate, EtOAc EDCI 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide EtOHEthanol FL Follicular lymphoma GC Gas Chromatograph GCMS GasChromatography-Mass Spectrometry HOAc Acetic Acid HOBtHydroxybenzotriazole HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography IPAIsopropyl alcohol IPAc Isopropyl acetate IPC In Process Control KFKarl-Fischer L-DBTA (2R, 3R)-Dibenzoyl tartaric acid LOQ Limit ofQuantification MCL Mantle cell lymphoma MeCN or ACN Acetonitrile MeMgBrMethyl Magnesium Bromide MeOH Methanol 2-MeTHF 2-MethyltetrahydrofuranMIBE 4-mehtyl-2-pentanone MsOH Methanesulfonic Acid MTBE Methyl tertiarybutyl ether NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma NLT not less than NMP1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMT Not more thanORR Overall response rate Pd Palladium pH Hydrogen ion concentration POAPhenoxyacetyl QD Once a day RH Relative Humidity SLL Small lymphocyticlymphoma RT Room Temperature TEA Triethylamine TGA Thermo-gravimetricAnalysis THF Tetrahydrofuran TN Treatment naïve VGPR very good partialresponse XRPD X-ray Powder Diffraction WM Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

EXAMPLE

The present invention is further exemplified, but not limited, by thefollowing examples that illustrate the invention.

Example 1 Preparation of(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(Compound 1) and Crystalline Form A Thereof Step 1: Synthesis of BG-2

Under nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of EA (5 v), HOBT (1.2 eq.),EDCI (1.2 eq.), 4-phenoxybenzoic acid (BG-1, 80 Kg, 1.0 eq.) andmalononitrile (1.2 eq.) was added TEA (2.4 eq.) at 10° C. The mixturewas then stirred at RT until the reaction was completed. The mixture wasthen centrifuged and the cake was washed with EA. The filtrate waswashed with aqueous NaHCO₃ twice and NH₄Cl. The organic phase was washedwith 1.5 N H₂SO₄ twice and stirred. Concentrated, precipitated frommethanol and purified water. The solid was collected by centrifugationand dried under vacuum. This gave 79.9 Kg of BG-2. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ7.62 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06(d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H).

Step 2: Synthesis of BG-3

Under nitrogen atmosphere, a solution of BG-2 (79.9 kg, 1.0 eq.) in MeCN(5.0 v) was added into trimethoxymethane (12.0 v) at 85° C. Theresultant mixture was stirred until the reaction was completed. Sampledfor HPLC analysis. Concentrated under vacuum. The residue wasprecipitated from i-PrOH and hexane. The mixture was centrifuged, andthe cake was washed with hexane and dried under vacuum. This gave 71.7Kg of product. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H),7.52-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.06 (m, 4H), 3.93 (s,3H).

Step 3: Synthesis of BG-4

Under nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of BG-3 (71.6 kg, 1.0 eq.) inethanol (2.5 v) hydrazinium hydroxide (1.0 eq) in ethanol (0.6 v) wascharged dropwise to the reactor below 15° C. The solution was heated toRT and stirred until the reaction was completed. Water (4.0 v) was addedto the reactor. The solution was then cooled to 5° C., centrifuged andthe cake was washed with water (1.0 v). The cake was dried under vacuum.This gave 66.9 Kg of product. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 12.11 (br s, 1H), 7.80(d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.04(m, 4H), 6.43 (br s, 2H).

Steps 4 to 6: Synthesis of BG-8

To a mixture of DCM (8.0 v), BG-5 (80.0 Kg, 1.0 eq.),N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.2 eq.), HOBt (1.2 eq.) andEDCI (1.2 eq.), TEA (2.6 eq.) was charged dropwise below 15° C. themixture was stirred at RT until the reaction was completed, centrifugedand the cake was washed with DCM (1.0 v) twice. The filtrate was washedwith 20% aqueous NH₄Cl (3×4.0 v). The filtrate was concentrated undervacuum to give the crude product BG-6, which was used in the next stepwithout further purification. The residue was dissolved in toluene (5.0v) and THF (1.0 v), cooled to 10° C., charged dropwise MeMgBr (1.4 eq.)at 10° C. and then stirred at RT until the reaction was completed. Thesolution was cooled below 10° C. Saturated aqueous NH₄Cl was chargeddropwise below 10° C. The mixture was centrifuged, separated, filtrated,and the organic phase was washed with aqueous NaCl twice. The organicphase was concentrated to give the crude product, which was used in thenext step without further purification. The residue in DMF (2.5 v) andDMF-DMA (2.5 v) was stirred at 110° C. until the reaction was completed.The reaction mixture was cooled, concentrated and then DCM was added.The final mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The organiclayer was concentrated and precipitated by charging hexane. The mixturewas centrifuged and the cake was collected. The cake was dried undervacuum. This gave 82.2 Kg of the desired product. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ7.49 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.82 (m, 2H),3.14-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.61 (m, 6H), 2.49-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.56 (m,2H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.39-1.20 (m, 2H).

Step 7: Synthesis of BG-9

Under nitrogen atmosphere, a mixture of toluene (8.0 v), AcOH (0.5 v),BG-8 (1.2 eq.) and BG-4 (66.9 Kg 1.0 eq.) was heated to 95° C. andstirred until the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled,concentrated and precipitated from methanol. The mixture was centrifugedand the cake was washed with methanol. The cake was dried under vacuum.This gave 107.8 Kg of product. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.78 (d, J=4.6 Hz,1H), 8.15-8.07 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H),7.27-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.17-7.10 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.81-3.69 (m,1H), 3.12-3.82 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s,9H).

Step 8: Synthesis of BG-10

To a mixture of THF (10.0 v), BG-9 (13.0 Kg, 1.0 eq.) and D-DBTA (1.0eq) under N₂ was charged Pd/C (10% w/w), hydrogen gas was introducedinto the reactor and the hydrogen pressure was maintained to 1.8 MPa.The reactor was heated to 40° C. slowly and stirred until the reactionwas completed. The mixture was then cooled, filtered, and the cake waswashed with THF. The filtrate was collected, and concentrated undervacuum. DCM was added. The residue was washed with aq. NaHCO₃,concentrated and precipitated from MTBE and hexane, then centrifuged.The cake was collected and dried under vacuum to give the desiredcompound (yield:94.8% and purity:98.5%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.82-7.76(m, 2H), 7.56-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.14 (m, 1H),7.12-7.03 (m, 4H), 4.09-3.91 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.55 (m,2H), 2.18-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.45(m, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.32-1.13 (m, 2H).

Step 9: Synthesis of BG-11

To a solution of BG-10 (100.0 Kg 1.0 eq.) in DCM (6.0 v) was addeddropwise HCl in EtOH (20.9% w/w, 2.0 v) under nitrogen atmosphere. Themixture is stirred until the reaction was completed. MTBE (4.0 v) wasadded to the solution, cooled. The cakes was collected by centrifugationand washed with hexane (2.0 V), then the cake was slurried in hexane (5v), and centrifuged again. The cake was washed with hexane (2.0 V) anddried under vacuum. This gave 85.2 Kg product. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-do) δ9.25-8.85 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=7.4Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.03 (m, 4H), 5.73 (br s, 2H), 4.12-4.03 (m, 1H),3.25-3.19 (m, 4H), 2.90-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.00 (m,1H), 1.99-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.52 (m, 4H).

Step 10: Synthesis of BG-11A

A mixture of BG-11 (85.0 Kg, 1.0 eq) in water (6.0 v) and NaOH (3.0 eq)was stirred until the reaction was completed at RT. The cake wascollected and slurried in MTBE (6.0 v). The mixture was then centrifugedto collect the cake. The cake was dried under vacuum. This gave 71.3 Kgproduct. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.82-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 1H),7.45-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.04 (m, 4H), 4.03-3.95 (m,1H), 3.29-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.00-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.11-1.83(m, 3H), 1.58-1.12 (m, 4H).

Step 11: Synthesis of BG-11B

A mixture of enthanol/water/acetic acid (7:3:1, 46 v) and BG-11A (30 kg,1.0 eq.) in a reactor was heated to 70±5° C. under nitrogen atmosphere,then a solution of D-DBTA (1.20 eq.) in ethanol/water/acetic acid(7:3:1, 4 v) was added dropwise with the temperature not less than 65°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 hrs at 60-65° C., thencooled to RT. The solid was collected by centrifugation and washed withethanol (2.0 v). The cake was slurried in the mixed solvent ofethanol/water/AcOH (7:3:1, 20 v) for 16 hrs at 55° C. and cooled to RT.The solid was collected by centrifugation, washed with ethanol (2.0 v).The cake was dried under vacuum (Yield: 37.9%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.76(br s, 2H), 7.99-7.89 (m, 4H), 7.83-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.57 (m, 3H),7.52-7.45 (m, 4H), 7.45-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.03 (m,4H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 4.08-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.19 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.72 (m,2H), 2.21-1.40 (m, 7H).

Step 12: Synthesis of BO-11C

To a mixture of dichloromethane (15.0 v) and 20.0% aqueous KOH (3.0 v)was added batchwise BG-11B (48.0 kg, 1.0 eq.) under nitrogen atmosphereat RT. After the reaction was completed, the organic layer was collectedand the water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (5.0 v). Theorganic layers were combined. Con. HCl (0.36 v) was added to the aboveorganic layers at RT. The resulting mixture was stirred until thereaction was completed. The solid was collected by centrifugation andwashed with dichloromethane (1.0 v). The collected solid was slurriedwith MTBE (6.0 v). The solid was collected by centrifugation and washedwith MTBE (1.0 v), then was dried under vacuum. This gave 31.5 Kgproduct (Yield:100%).

Step 12: Synthesis of BG-11D (Alternative Intermediate)

ACN (5.0 v), soft water (10.0 v), KOH (5.0 eq) was charged to a reactorand stirred for at least 15 min. BG-11B (1.0 eq) was charge to thereactor in portion-wise. The mixture was stirred until the reaction wascompleted. The cake was collected by centrifugation, slurried in ACN(1.0 v) and soft water (5.0 v), and dried under vacuum to give theproduct.

Step 13: Synthesis of BG-12

A solution of BG-11C (15.0 Kg 1.0 eq.) in MsOH (2.5 v) was stirred at85° C. under nitrogen atmosphere until the reaction was completed. Aftercooling to 5° C. purified water (4.0 v) was added dropwise to the systemand kept the temperature not more than 35° C. (temperature increasedobviously). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 hrs at 30° C., andthen washed with DCM (2×3.0 v). The aqueous phase was collected. DCM(6.0 v) was added to the aqueous phase, the mixture was cooled to 5° C.The pH value was adjusted to 11˜12 with 20% aqueous NaOH (temperatureincreased obviously) with stirring with the temperature not more than30° C. The organic phase was separated and collected. The aqueous wasextracted with DCM (3.0 v). The organic layers were combined andconcentrated. MTBE (4.0 v) was added to the residue. The mixture wasthen concentrated and precipitated from n-heptane. The solid wascollected by centrifugation and dried in a vacuum oven. This gave 12.55Kg product (Yield: 94.9%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.52-7.46 (m, 2H),7.45-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.03 (m, 4H), 6.64 (s, 1H),3.99-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.03-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.36 (m,2H), 2.03 (dd, J=13.9, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.14-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.85 (m,1H), 1.65-1.15 (m, 3H).

Step 14: Synthesis of BG-13

A mixture of MeOH (13.5 v), purified water (4.5 v) and BG-12 (8.5 Kg,1.0 eq.) in a reactor was heated to 50° C. under N₂ atmosphere. To themixture was charged dropwise a solution of L-DBTA (0.7 eq) inMeOH/purified water (1.5 v/0.5 v) while keeping the temperature at 50°C. After addition, the mixture was stirred for at least 2 hrs at 50° C.,and then cooled to RT and stirred for at least 16 hrs at RT. The cakewas collected by Centrifugation and was washed with MeOH (2.0 v). Thecake was dried in a vacuum oven. This gave 9.08 Kg product (Yield:74.8%, ee value>98%).

Step 15: Synthesis of(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(Compound 1)

Under N₂ atmosphere, ACN (12.0 v), water (12.5 v), BG-13 (8.0 Kg, 1.0eq), and NaHCO₃(2.5 eq.) were added to a reactor. The mixture was thencooled to −5˜0° C. To the mixture, the solution of acryloyl chloride(1.1 eq.) in MeCN (0.5 v) was added dropwise and stirred until thereaction was completed. EA (6.0 v) was then added to the reactor, andstirred. The organic phase was collected. The aqueous layer was furtherextracted with EA (3.0 v). The organic phases were combined and washedwith brine. The organic layer was collected and concentrated.

The residue was purified by silica gel (2 wt) column, eluted with 3% w/wmethanol in DCM (21.0 v). The Compound 1 solution was collected andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was precipitated from EA/MTBE(2.0 v). The cake was collected by centrifugation as the product.

Step 15: Synthesis of(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(Compound 1, alternative Method)

A mixture of CH₃CN (10.0 v), purified water (5.0 v), NaOH (1.5 eq.) andBG-13 (1.0 eq.) was stirred to get a clear solution. EtOAc (6.0 v) wasthen charged to the reaction and separated. The organic phase wascollected and washed with 15% brine (3.0 v) twice. The organic phaseprepared above was concentrated and the solvent was swapped to CH₃CN(residue volume: NMT 5.0 v). CH₃CN (7.5 v) and purified water (12.5 v)were charged and cooled to 15-20° C. L-(+)-tartaric acid (0.5 eq) andNaHCO₃(2.5 eq.) were charged to the reaction mixture. A solution ofacryloyl chloride (1.1 eq.) in CH₃CN (0.5 v) was charged drop-wise tothe reaction mixture. After the reaction was completed, EtOAc (6.0 v)was charged to the reaction mixture and organic layer was collected.Aqueous phase was further extracted with EA (3.0 v). The organic layerswere combined, washed with 15% brine (5.0 v) and concentrated. Thesolvent was swapped to DCM (volume of residue: 1.5-2.0 v) and purifiedby silica gel column (silica gel: 100-200 mush, 2.0 w/w; eluent: 3% w/wMeOH in DCM (about 50 v). The collected solution was concentrated andswapped to EtOAc (4.0 v). MTBE (6.4 v) was charged drop-wise to residueat 50° C. The mixture was then cooled to 5° C. and the cake wascollected centrifugation.

Step 16: Preparation of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1

The above cake of Compound 1 was dissolved in 7.0 volumes of DCM, andthen swapped to solvent EA. After recrystallization from EA/MTBE, thecakes was collected by centrifugation, and was dried under vacuum. Thisgave 4.44 Kg product (Yield: 70.2%).

The product was then characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)pattern method, which was generated on a PANalytical Empyrean X-raypowder diffractometer with the XRPD parameters as follows: X-Raywavelength (Cu, kα, Kα1 (Å): 1.540598, Kα2 (Å): 1.544426; Kα2/Kα1intensity ratio: 0.50); X-Ray tube setting (45 Kv, 40 mA); divergenceslit (automatic); scan mode (Continuous); scan range (° 2TH) (3°-40);step size (° 2TH) (0.0131); scan speed (°/min) (about 10). The XRPDresult found the resultant product as a crystalline shown in FIG. 1 .

The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves shown as in FIG. 2was generated on a TA Q2000 DSC from TA Instruments. The DSC parametersused includes: temperature (25° C.-desired temperature); heating rate(10° C./min); method (ramp); sample pan (aluminum, crimped); purge gas(N₂). DSC result showed a sharp melting point at 139.4° C. (onsettemperature).

The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) curves shown as in FIG. 3 wasgenerated on a TA Q5000 TGA from TA Instruments. The TGA parameters usedincludes: temperature (RT-desired temperature); heating rate (10°C./min); method (ramp); sample pan (platinum, open); purge gas (N₂). TGAresult showed is anhydrous with no weight loss even up to 110° C.

The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) shown as in FIG. 4 wascollected on a Bruker 400M NMR Spectrometer in DMSO-d₆. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆)δ 7.50 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.17 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.08 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.85-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.67(s, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J=16.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (dd, J=10.4 Hz, 2.2 Hz,1H), 4.55-4.38 (m, 1H), 4.17-3.94 (m, 2H), 3.33-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.88(m, 1H), 2.67-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.12-1.82 (m, 2H),1.79-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.63-1.49 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.08 (m, 2H).

The carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) shown as in FIG. 5 wascollected on a Bruker 400M NMR Spectrometer in DMSO-d₆. ¹³C-NMR spectrafor Crystalline Form A of Compound 1.

Example 2 Preparation of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1

(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(Compound 1) was prepared by the method disclosed in WO2014173289A, andfurther lyophilized to obtain amorphous form of Compound 1. A solutionof Compound 1 (200 mg, ee value>97%) in EA (8 mL) was heated to 50° C.,to the above solution was added dropwise hexane (8 mL) at 50° C. Themixture was cooled to RT and stirred for 16 hr then was filtered to give110 mg as a white solid. The solid obtained were characterized by XRPDto be Form A.

Example 3 Preparation of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 (Anti-SolventAddition)

About 15 mg of sample (Crystalline Form A) was weighed into a 20-mLglass vial, followed by the addition of 0.4-1.2 mL corresponding solvent(see Table 2) to dissolve all the solid. The mixture was thenmagnetically stirred at the speed of 800 rpm to get a clear solution atRT. Subsequently, the relative anti-solvent (see Table 2) was added tothe solution to induce precipitation or until the total amount ofanti-solvent reached 15.0 mL. If no precipitation occurs, the solutionwas then transferred to slow evaporation at RT. The solids obtained werecharacterized by XRPD to be Form A.

TABLE 2 Anti-Solvent Addition Experiments Experiment ID SolventAnti-solvent 1 Acetone H₂O 2 DMAc H₂O 3 EtOAc n-heptane 4 DCM n-heptane5 Toluene n-fieptane 6 2-MeTHF n-heptane

Example 4 Preparation of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 (SolutionVapor Diffusion)

About 15 mg of sample (Crystalline Form A) was dissolved in 0.5-1.5 mLof the corresponding solvent (acetone or EtOAc) to obtain a clearsolution in a 3-mL vial. Subsequently, the solution was placed into a20-mL vial with 3 mL of relative anti-solvent (n-heptane). The 20-mLvial was sealed with a cap and kept at RT, allowing sufficient time fororganic vapor to interact with the solution. At the end of 11 days,clear solutions were transferred to evaporation at RT. The solidobtained were characterized by XRPD to be Form A.

Example 5 Stability Test of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 and Purityof Compound 1 (1) Physical Stability Test

The Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 was stored at 80° C. for two daysas a thermo-stability test, and the XRPD patterns before and after thetest showed no crystal form change.

The long term stability studies of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1showed there was no significant chemical purity change occurred whenstored at 25° C./60% RH for up to 24 months (% area: T0=99.2% andT12=99.2%) and at 40° C./75% RH condition for up to 6 months (% area:T0=99.1% and T6=99.4%). In addition, no crystal form and optical puritychanges were observed when stored at 25° C./60% RH for up to 24 monthsand at 40° C./75% RH condition for up to 6 months.

(2) Hygroscopic Test

The dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) plots shown as in FIG. 6 was collecteda SMS (Surface Measurement Systems) DVS Intrinsic. The DVS parametersused includes: temperature (25° C.); dm/dt (0.002%/min); Min. dm/dtstability duration (10 min); Max. equilibrium time (180 min); RH range(0% RH to 95% RH); RH step size (10% RH from 0% RH to 90% RH, 5% RH from90% RH to 95% RH). As shown in FIG. 6 , there is a very slight increaseof mass at 80% RH, which was about 0.8% for Crystalline Form A ofCompound 1.

(3) Crystallization/Recrystallization Via Form A to Improve the Purityof Compound 1

Crystallization/Recrystallization via Form A is an efficient way toimprove the purity of Compound 1 and control the impurities in Compound1 to reach the acceptance criteria in the specification. See an exampleas shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Purity Changing after Crystallization/ Recrystallization viaForm A Purity of Conditions Compound 1 After Silica Gel 98.5% areaChromatography Purification After First Recrystallization 99.3% areaAfter Second Recrystallization 99.5% area

Example 6 Preparation of Deuterium-Labeled(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(Deuterium-Labeled Compound 1)

To a solution of acrylic-2,3,3-d3 acid (50 mg, 0.67 mmol) and DMF (onedrop) in DCM (20 mL) was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (1.6 N, 40.9 mL,65.5 mmol) at 0˜5° C. then stirred for 2 hours at RT. The mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude acryloyl-d₃chloride.

To a solution of(S)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-7-(piperidin-4-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(dissociated from BG-13, see step 15, Compound 1, alternative method;278 mg, 0.67 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) and aqu. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was addeddropwise a solution of the above acryloyl-d₃ chloride in DCM (5 mL) at0˜5° C. and stirred for 2 hours at RT. The organic combined layers weredried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated underreduced pressure and purified by prep-TLC to afford 55 mg (17.5%) of(S)-7-(1-(acryloyl-d3)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamideas an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.50-7.44 (m, 2H),7.42-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.09-6.99 (m, 4H), 6.64 (s, 1H),4.52-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.10-3.95 (m, 2H), 2.29-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.86 (m,1H), 2.63-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.06-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.45(m, 2H), 1.35-1.08 (m, 2H). MS (ESI, m/e) [M+1]⁺475.2.

Example 7 Polymorph Study of Compound 1

(1) Polymorph Study from Amorphous Form Preparation of Form A from anAmorphous Form of Compound 1

(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide(Compound 1) was prepared by the method disclosed in WO2014173289A, andfurther lyophilized to obtain amorphous form of Compound 1.

For each experiment in Tables 4a to 4k, Tables 5a to 5e and Table 6,about 20 mg of Compound 1 as amorphous form was weighed into a glassvial, followed by the addition of corresponding solvent. The mixture washeated to give a clear solution if needed. Then the mixture was kept atRT without stirring for 1-2 days to see any solid generated from theclear solution. The solid was monitored by Polarized light microscopy.

TABLE 4a Solvent Experiment EA Hexane Result ID (mL) (mL) RT Heat (1-2d)1-1 0.5 0.1 Y — No solid 1-2 0.5 0.2 Y — Little solid 1-3 0.5 0.3 N YOil 1-4 0.5 0.4 N Y Oil 1-5 1 0.2 Y — No solid 1-6 1 0.3 Y — No solid1-7 1 0.4 Y — No solid 1-8 1 0.5 Y — No solid 1-9 1 0.6 Y — Little solid1-10 1 0.7 Y — Little solid 1-11 1 0.8 N Y Oil 1-12 1 0.9 N Y Oil

TABLE 4b Solvent Experiment EA Heptane Result ID (mL) (mL) RT Heat (1-2d) 2-1 0.5 0.1 Y — No solid 2-2 0.5 0.2 Y — Little solid 2-3 0.5 0.3 N YOil 2-4 0.5 0.4 N N Oil 2-5 1 0.2 Y — No solid 2-6 1 0.3 Y — No solid2-7 1 0.4 Y — No solid 2-8 1 0.5 Y — No solid 2-9 1 0.6 Y — Little solid 2-10 1 0.7 Y — Little solid  2-11 1 0.8 Y — Oil  2-12 1 0.9 N Y Oil

TABLE 4c Solvent Experiment EA Cyclohexane Result ID (mL) (mL) RT Heat(1-2 d) 3-1 0.5 0.2 Y — No solid 3-2 0.5 0.3 Y — Little solid 3-3 0.50.4 Y — Oil 3-4 0.5 0.5 Y — Oil 3-5 0.5 0.6 N Y Oil 3-6 1 0.6 Y — Littlesolid 3-7 1 0.8 Y — Little solid 3-8 1 1.0 Y — Little solid 3-9 1 1.2 Y— Little solid  3-10 1 1.4 Y — Oil

TABLE 4d Solvent Experiment DCM Hexane Result ID (mL) (mL) RT Heat (1-2d) 4-1 0.5 0.4 Y — No solid 4-2 0.5 0.6 Y — No solid 4-3 0.5 0.8 Y — Nosolid 4-4 0.5 1.0 N Y Oil 4-5 1.0 1.4 Y — No solid 4-6 1.0 1.6 Y — Nosolid 4-7 1.0 1.8 Y — No solid 4-8 1.0 2.0 N Y Oil

TABLE 4e Solvent Experiment 1,2-Dichloroethane Hexane Result ID (mL)(mL) RT Heat (1-2 d) 5-1 0.5 0.6 Y — No solid 5-2 0.5 0.8 Y — No solid5-3 0.5 1.0 Y — No solid 5-4 0.5 1.1 N Y Oil 5-5 1.0 1.4 Y — No solid5-6 1.0 1.6 Y — No solid 5-7 1.0 1.8 Y — No solid 5-8 1.0 2.0 Y — Nosolid 5-9 1.0 2.2 N Y Oil

TABLE 4f Solvent Experiment MeOAc Hexane Result ID (mL) (mL) RT Heat(1-2 d) 6-1 0.5 0.3 Y — Little solid 6-2 0.5 0.4 Y — Oil 6-3 0.5 0.5 Y —Oil 6-4 0.5 0.6 N Y Oil 6-5 1.0 0.6 Y — Little solid 6-6 1.0 0.8 Y —Little solid 6-7 1.0 1.0 Y — Little solid 6-8 1.0 1.2 Y — Little solid6-9 1.0 1.4 N Y Oil

TABLE 4g Solvent Experiment Toluene Hexane Result ID (mL) (mL) RT heat(1-2 d) 7-1 1.0 0.2 Y — Little solid 7-2 1.0 0.3 Y — Little solid 7-31.0 0.4 Y — Little solid 7-4 1.0 0.5 N Y Oil 7-5 1.0 0.6 N Y Oil

TABLE 4h Solvent Experiment Toluene Cyclohexane Result ID (mL) (mL) RTHeat (1-2 d) 8-1 1.0 0.1 Y — Little solid 8-2 1.0 0.2 Y — Little solid8-3 1.0 0.3 Y — Oil 8-4 1.0 0.4 N Y Oil 8-5 1.0 0.5 N Y Little solid 8-61.5 0.4 Y — Little solid 8-7 1.5 0.5 Y — Little solid

TABLE 4i Solvent Experiment MeOAc Cyclohexane Result ID (mL) (mL) RTHeat (1-2 d) 9-1 0.4 1.0 Y — Little solid 9-2 0.5 1.0 Y — Little solid9-3 0.6 1.0 Y — Little solid 9-4 0.8 1.0 Y — Little solid 9-5 1.0 1.0 Y— Little solid

TABLE 4j Solvent Experiment IPAC Cyclohexane Result ID (ml) (ml) RT Heat(2-3 d) 10-1 1.0 0.2 Y — Little solid 10-2 1.0 0.4 Y — Little solid 10-31.0 0.6 Y — Little solid 10-4 1.0 0.8 Y — Little solid 10-5 1.0 1.0 Y —Little solid 10-6 1.0 1.2 N Y Oil

TABLE 4k Solvent Experiment Isobutyl acetate Cyclohexane Result ID (mL)(mL) RT Heat (1-2 d) 11-1 1.0 0.2 Y — Little solid 11-2 1.0 0.4 Y —Little solid 11-3 1.0 0.6 Y — Little solid 11-4 1.0 0.8 Y — Little solid11-5 1.0 1.0 Y — Little solid 11-6 1.0 1.2 N Y Oil Y = Yes, and N = No.

TABLE 5a Solvent Experiment ID EA (mL) Hexane (mL) RT Heat Result (1-2d) 12-1 1 0.2 Y — No solid 12-2 1 0.3 Y — No solid 12-3 1 0.4 Y — Nosolid 12-4 1 0.5 Y — No solid 12-5 1 0.6 Y — Solid 12-6 1 0.7 Y — Solid12-7 1 0.8 N Y Oil 12-8 1 0.9 N Y Oil

TABLE 5b Solvent Experiment ID EA (mL) Heptane (mL) RT Heat Result (1-2d) 13-1 1 0.2 Y — No solid 13-2 1 0.3 Y — No solid 13-3 1 0.4 Y — Nosolid 13-4 1 0.5 Y — No solid 13-5 1 0.6 Y — Solid 13-6 1 0.7 Y — Solid13-7 1 0.8 Y — Oil 13-8 1 0.9 N Y Oil

TABLE 5c Experiment Solvent ID MeOAc (ml) Cyclohexane (ml) RT HeatResult (1-2 d) 14-1 0.4 1.0 Y — No solid 14-2 0.5 1.0 Y — No solid 14-30.6 1.0 Y — Solid 14-4 0.8 1.0 Y — Solid 14-5 1.0 1.0 Y — No solid 14-61.0 1.5 Y — Solid 14-7 1.0 2.0 Y — Solid 14-8 1.0 2.2 N Y Oil

TABLE 5d Solvent Experiment ID EA (ml) Cyclohexane (ml) RT Heat Result(1-2 d) 15-1 0.5 0.2 Y — No solid 15-2 0.5 0.3 Y — solid 15-3 0.5 0.4 Y— Oil 15-4 0.5 0.5 Y — Oil 15-5 0.5 0.6 N Y Oil 15-6 1 0.6 Y — solid15-7 1 0.8 Y — solid 15-8 1 1.0 Y — solid 15-9 1 1.2 Y — solid 15-10 11.4 Y — Oil

TABLE 5e Solvent Experiment ID MeOAc (ml) Hexane (ml) RT Heat Result(1-2 d) 16-1 0.5 0.3 Y — solid 16-2 0.5 0.4 Y — No solid 16-3 0.5 0.5 Y— No solid 16-4 0.5 0.6 N Y No solid 16-5 1.0 0.6 Y — solid 16-6 1.0 0.8Y — solid 16-7 1.0 1.0 Y — solid 16-8 1.0 1.2 Y — solid 16-9 1.0 1.4 N YOil Y = Yes, and N = No.

Experiments in Tables 4a to 4k and Tables 5a to 5e were conducted on thesame scale (i.e., the amount of the starting material—amorphous Compound1 is about 20 mg). However, the ee value of the starting materialappeared to have significant influence in the amount of the solid to beformed in each experiment. As shown in the experiments in Tables 4a to4k starting from 90% ee of amorphous Compound 1, the solids thus formedare of little amount. The experiments in Tables 5a to 5e starting from97% ee of amorphous Compound 1 resulted in noticeable amount of solid.Also, the obtained solid in the experiments in Tables 4a to 4k showedlow ee value when crystallization from starting material with 90% ee.One solid sample from Tables 4a to 4k using EA/Hexane as crystallizationsystem only showed 45% ee value.

The results of Table 5a were further confirmed by a scale-up experimentsimilar to those in Example 2, which confirmed that the resultant solidwas in the desired crystalline form (Form A).

As shown in the above Tables 4a to 4k and Tables 5a to 5e, the formationof the crystalline solid may vary depending on the specific solvents,the ratio of the solvents, and so on.

The results in Table 6 further confirms that the formation of thecrystalline solid depends on the specific ratio of the solvent.

TABLE 6 Solvent-2 Solvent-1 Hexane MTBE Heptane Cyclohexane H₂O Ether(0.5 mL) V/mL Results V/mL Results V/mL Results V/mL Results V/mLResults V/mL Results THF 0.4 Little solid 2.0 Little solid 0.4 Littlesolid 0.4 Little solid — — 2.0 No solid Me-THF 0.4 Little solid 1.5 Nosolid 0.4 No solid — — — — — — DME 0.6 Little solid 1.5 No solid 0.6Little solid 0.8 Little solid — — 1.5 No solid EtOH 2.0 No solid 5.0 Nosolid 2.5 oil 2.0 No solid 5.0 No solid 5.0 No solid i-PrOH 1.5 No solid2.5 No solid — — 2.0 No solid 2.0 Little solid — — pyridine 1.0 No solid4.0 No solid — — 1.0 No solid 2.0 No solid — — Propyl acetate 0.3 Nosolid 0.8 No solid — — — — — — — — Isobutyl acetate 0.2 No solid 2.0 Nosolid — — — — — — — — n-BuOH 0.5 No solid 2.0 No solid — — — — 0.5 Nosolid — — 1,2-Dichloroethane 1.0 No solid 5.0 No solid — — 1.2 No solid— — — — DCM 1.0 oil 5.0 No solid — — 1.2 No solid — — — — Toluene 0.2Oil and 0.5 No solid 0.2 No solid 0.2 Oil and — — 0.5 No solid Littlesolid Little solid(2) Polymorph Study from Crystalline Form—Preparation of Form A fromCrystalline Form Slow Evaporation

About 15 mg of sample (Crystalline Form A) was weighed into a 3-mL glassvial, followed by the addition of corresponding solvent or solventmixture (see Table 7) to get a clear solution. Subsequently, the vialwas covered with parafilm with 3˜4 pinholes, and kept at RT to allow thesolution to evaporate slowly. The solids were isolated for XRPDanalysis. However, no crystal form was produced, as summarized in Table7.

TABLE 7 Slow Evaporation Experiments Experiment ID Solvent (v/v) SolidForm 1 MeOH Amorphous 2 EtOH Amorphous 3 IPA Amorphous 4 ACN Amorphous 5Acetone Oil 6 EtOAc Oil 7 THF Oil 8 DCM Amorphous 9 Toluene Oil 10Acetic acid Oil 11 EtOH/H₂O (4:1) Amorphous 12 Acetone/H₂O (4:1)Amorphous 13 THF/H₂O (4:1) Amorphous 14 DCM/n-heptane (4:1) Amorphous 15EtOH/n-heptane (4:1) Amorphous 16 EtOAc/n-heptane (6.5:1) Oil 17ACN/MTBE (4:1) Oil

Anti-Solvent Addition

About 15 mg of sample (Crystalline Form A) was weighed into a 20-mLglass vial, followed by the addition of 0.4-1.2 mL corresponding solvent(see Table 8). The mixture was then magnetically stirred at the speed of800 rpm to get a clear solution at RT. Subsequently, the relativeanti-solvent (see Table 8) was added to the solution to induceprecipitation or until the total amount of anti-solvent reached 15.0 mL.If no precipitation occurs, the solution was then transferred to slowevaporation at RT. Results summarized in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Anti-solvent Addition Experiments Experiment ID Anti-SolventSolvent Solid Form 1 H₂O EtOH Oil 2 H₂O THF Oil 3 H₂O Acetic acid Oil 4n-heptane 1,4-dioxane Oil 5 MTBE ACN Oil 6 MTBE NMP N/A 7 MTBE EtOH Oil8 MTBE DCM Oil N/A: no solid was obtained.

Slow Cooling

About 20 mg of sample (Crystalline Form A) was suspended in 1.0 mL ofcorresponding solvent (see Table 9) in a 3-mL glass vial at RT. Thesuspension was transferred to slurry at 50° C. using magnetic stirringwith the speed of 800 rpm. The sample was equilibrated at 50° C. for 2hrs and filtered using a 0.45 μm Nylon membrane. Subsequently, thefiltrate was slowly cooled down from 50° C. to 5° C. at a rate of 0.1°C./min. The obtained solids were kept isothermal at 5° C. beforeisolated for XRPD analysis. No crystal form was obtained, as summarizedin Table 9.

TABLE 9 Slow Cooling Experiments Experiment ID Solvent (v/v) Solid Form1 IPA N/A 2 MIBK N/A 3 IPAc N/A 4 Toluene N/A 5 EtOH/H₂O (1:2) Gel 6Acetone/H₂O (1:2) Gel 7 EtOAc/n-heptane (1:2) Amorphous 8CHCl₃/n-heptane (1:2) N/A 9 THF/n-heptane (1:2) Oil* 10 ACN/MTBE (1:2)Oil* N/A: no solid was obtained. *clear solution was transferred toevaporate at RT.

Solution Vapor Diffusion

About 15 mg of sample (Crystalline Form A) was dissolved in 0.5-1.5 mLof corresponding solvent (see Table 10) to obtain a clear solution in a3-mL vial. Subsequently, the solution was placed into a 20-mL vial with3 mL of relative anti-solvent. The 20-mL vial was sealed with a cap andkept at RT, allowing sufficient time for organic vapor to interact withthe solution. At the end of 11 days, clear solutions were transferred toevaporation at RT. The solids obtained were characterized by XRPD. Theresults summarized in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Solution Vapor Diffusion Experiments Experiment ID SolventAnti-solvent Solid Form 1 EtOH H₂O Amorphous* 2 ACN H₂O N/A 3 AcetoneH₂O Amorphous* 4 THF H₂O Amorphous* 5 Acetic acid H₂O Oil 6 EtOHn-heptane N/A 7 THF n-heptane Amorphous* 5 DCM n-heptane Amorphous* 8DMAc MTBE N/A 9 IPA MTBE N/A 10 1,4-Dioxane MTBE N/A 11 Toluene MTBE N/A12 NMP MTBE N/A N/A: no solid was obtained. *solid was generated viaslow evaporation.

Polymer-Induced Crystallization Experiments

About 15 mg of sample (Crystalline Form A) was dissolved in 1.0 mL ofcorresponding solvent (see Table 11) to obtain a clear solution in a3-mL vial. The solution was then filtered using 0.45 μm Nylon membrane.About 2 mg of polymer mixture was added into the filtrate. The mixturewas stirred at RT to induce precipitation. The solids were isolated forXRPD analysis. No crystal form was obtained, as summarized in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Polymer-induced crystallization Experiments Experiment IDSolvent (v/v) Polymer Mixture Solid Form 1 EtOH A Amorphous 2 ACN AAmorphous 3 Acetone A Amorphous 4 THF A Amorphous 5 DCM A Amorphous 6EtOAc A Amorphous 7 EtOH B Amorphous 8 ACN B Amorphous 9 Acetone BAmorphous 10 THF B Amorphous 11 DCM B Amorphous 12 EtOAc B AmorphousPolymer mixture A: polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), hypromellose (HPMC),methyl cellulose (MC) (mass ratio of 1:1:1:1:1:1) Polymer mixture B:polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) sodium alginate (SA), and hydroxyethyl cellulose(HEC) (mass ratio of 1:1:1:1:1).

Example 8 Determination of Absolute Configuration of Compound 1Preparation of BG-13 Single Crystal

Six single crystal growth experiments (see Table 12) were performed viaslow cooling. Suitable single crystals of BG-13 were obtained by slowcooling in MeOH/H₂O (1:1, v/v). The crystal data and structurerefinement are listed in Table 13.

TABLE 12 single Crystal Growth Experiments Experiment Weight SolventTemperature Dissolved ID (mg) (1 mL, v/v) Method (° C.) (Y/N*)Observation 1 5.6 IPA/H₂O (3/1) cooling 60 N Block-like crystal 2 5.5IPA/H₂O (3/1) cooling 60 N Block-like crystal 3 5.4 IPA/H₂O (3/1)cooling 60 N Block-like crystal 4 5.5 IPA/H₂O (3/1) cooling 60 NBlock-like crystal 5 4.7 MeOH/H₂O (2/1) cooling 60 N Crystal 6 5.5MeOH/H₂O (1/1) cooling 60 N Crystal

TABLE 13 Single Crystal Data and Structure Refinement of BG-13 The dataof single crystal were generated on a Bruker APEX DUO single-crystaldiffractometer with CCD detector (Cu Kα, λ = 1.54178 Å, 173.15 K).Empirical formula C₃₃H₃₄N₅O₆ — Formula weight 596.65 Temperature 173.15— Wavelength 1.54178 Å — Crystal system, space group monoclinic C2 Unitcell dimensions a = 16.7939(4) Å alpha = 90.00 deg., b = 7.9871(2) Åbeta = 108.0460(10) deg. c = 23.5438(5) Å gamma = 90.00 deg. Volume3002.69(12) Å³ — Z, Calculated density 4 1.320 mg/mm³ Absorptioncoefficient 0.756 mm⁻¹ — F(000) 1260.0 — Crystal size 0.3 × 0.21 × 0.08mm³ — Theta range for data collection 1.97 to 64.96 deg. — Limitingindices −19 <= h <= 17, — −7 <= k<= 9, — −27 <= l <= 24 — Reflectionscollected/unique 5073/3756[R(int) = 0.1062] — Completeness 92.8% —Refinement method Full matrix least squares on F² —Data/restraints/parameters 3756/1/398 — Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.192 —Final R indices [I >2 sigma(I)] R₁ = 0.0819 wR₂ = 0.2294 Absolutestructure Flack 0.0(3) Largest diff. peak and hole 0.50 and −0.57 e ·A⁻³ —

BG-13 was confirmed to be a (2R, 3R)-dibenzoyl tartaric acid (L-DBTA)salt and the molar ratio of freebase to L-DBTA is 2:1. Configuration ofboth carbons (C32 and C32′) in L-DBTA was confirmed to be R.Configuration of C6 in freebase was determined to be S, as shown in FIG.8 to FIG. 10 . A powder X-ray diffraction pattern method was also usedto characterize the structure of the single crystals, as shown in FIG.11 .

Absolute Configuration of Compound 1

The absolute configurations of Compound 1 was deduced to be S from thesingle crystal X-ray structural analysis of intermediate BG-13.

Example 9 Chiral Resolution of BG-11A

General procedure: To a solution of compound BG-11A in a preparedsolvent system was added a chiral acid at elevated temperature. Afterstirring at this temperature, it was cooled to RT and stirred overnightat RT. The solid was filtered and washed with the prepared solventsystem. The ee value was tested by chiral HPLC directly from the relatedsalt or its Boc-derivative (see Table 14). Other chiral acids or solventsystem gave no ee value, low ee value or not desired chiral compound.

TABLE 14 Chiral Resolution of BG-11A Solvent System Amount of 11A Chiralacid temperature ee value Yield EtOH/H₂O/AcOH 40.0 g D-DBTA (0.5 eq.)70° C. to RT >85% ee 42.2% 7/3/1 (1.9 L) i-PrOH/H₂O/AcOH  500 mg D-DBTA(1.0 eq.) 70° C. to RT   77% ee 38.5% 7/3/1 (25 mL) i-PrOH/H₂O/AcOH  500mg D-DBTA (0.5 eq.) 70° C. to RT   85% ee 38.9% 7/3/1 (25 mL)EtOH/H₂O/AcOH  500 mg D-DBTA (0.5 eq.) 70° C. to RT   86% ee 39.8% 7/3/1(25 mL) MeOH/H₂O/AcOH  500 mg D-DBTA (0.5 eq.) 70° C. to RT   82% ee42.2% 7/3/1 (25 mL) AcOH/H₂O   1 g D-DBTA (0.55 eq.) 60° C. to RT   83%ee 27.6% 3/1 (40 mL) 1,4-dioxane/H₂O   25 mg D-DBTA (2.0 eq.) 60° C. toRT No Solid No Solid 1/1 (2.5 mL) MeOH/H₂O   25 mg D-DBTA (2.0 eq.) 60°C. to RT   36% ee Not weigh 1/1 (2.5 mL) CH₃CN/H₂O   25 mg D-DBTA (2.0eq.) 60° C. to RT   14% ee Not weigh 9/1 (2.5 mL) CH₃CN/H₂O   25 mgD-DBTA (2.0 eq.) 60° C. to RT   89% ee Not weigh 6/1 (2.5 mL) i-PrOH/H₂O  25 mg D-DBTA (2.0 eq.) 60° C. to RT   79% ee Not weigh 1/1 (2.5 mL)CH₃CN/H₂O   50 mg D-DBTA (1.0 eq.) 60° C. to RT   24% ee   46% 4/1 (1mL) CH₃CN/H₂O   50 mg D-DBTA (1.0 eq.) 60° C. to RT   91% ee 33.7% 4/1(1.5 mL)

Example 10 Chiral Resolution of BG-12A and Improve the Chiral Purity

General procedure: To a solution of compound BG-12A in a preparedsolvent system was added chiral acid in at elevated temperature. Afterstirring at this temperature, it was cooled to RT and stirred overnightat RT. The solid was filtered and washed with the prepared solventsystem. The chiral purity was tested by chiral HPLC directly from therelated salt or free base (see Table 15). Other chiral acids or solventsystem gave no ee value, low ee value or not desired chiral compound.

TABLE 15 Chiral Resolution of BG-12A Solvent System Amount of BG-12AChiral acid Temperature ee value Yield MeOH/H₂O   50 g L-DBTA (0.35 eq.)50° C. to RT 85.6% ee 43.1% 3/1 (1500 mL) EtOH/H₂O 14.4 g L-DBTA (0.55eq.) 78° C. to RT 79.1% ee 41.8% 6/1 (250 mL) n-BuOH/H₂O   1 g L-DBTA(0.8 eq.) 80° C. to RT   95% ee   20% 6/1 (20 mL) MeOH (4 mL)  500 mgL-DBTA (1.1 eq.) Reflux to RT No solid EtOH (17 mL)  1.0 g L-DBTA (1.1eq.) Reflux to RT   40% ee Not weigh EtOH (30 mL)  500 mg L-DBTA (2.2eq.) Reflux to RT No ee Not weigh

The obtained L-DBTA salt (31 g, 85.6% ee) was added to THF/H₂O (1/1,1034 mL), the suspension was warmed to 70° C. and stirred until allsolid dissolved. Then 517 mL of water was added. The solution was thenslowly cooed to 40° C. and added seed crystal (10 mg). After stirringfor about 2 hrs, the solution was slowly cooled to ambient temperatureand stirred for 2 days. Filtered, the solid was washed with THF/H₂O=1/1(20 mL) and dried over under reduced pressure to give the product as awhite solid (22.5 g, 72% yield, >98.5 ee value).

The obtained free base (6.02 g, 79.1% ee) was dissolved in (1 g/15 mL)EtOH/H₂O (6/1, 90 mL), stirred at 78° C. allowing all the startingmaterial to be dissolved. Then, a solution of L-DBTA (2.84 g, 7.9 mmol,0.55 eq) in EtOH/H₂O (6/1, 7 mL) was added. The solid quickly formed,the mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h before removing theheating system. The mixture was allowed to cool to RT. Filtered, thesolid was washed with EtOH/H₂O (6/1, 10 mL). The collected solid wasconverted to free base using in NaOH aqueous solution and DCM to get theproduct (4.7 g, yield: 32.6%, 93% ee) as a white foam.

A suspension of the obtained free base (70.0 g, 90.5% ee) in CH₃CN/H₂O(1/1, 700 mL) was heated to 60° C. to give a clear solution. To theabove solution was then added L-DBTA (33 g, 0.55 eq). After stirring at60° C. for about 2 hr, the mixture was slowly cooled to RT and stirredfor overnight. Filtered, the solid was washed with CH₃CN/H₂O (1/1, 50mL), dried over under reduced pressure to give the product as aoff-white solid (80 g, yield: 80% ee value>98%).

Example 11 Efficacy Tests

(S)-7-(1-acryloylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamidewas tested hereinafter by using its Crystalline Form A.

Test 1: Inhibition and Selectivity of the Kinases Methods: (1) BTKKinase Enzymatic Assays

Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 was tested for inhibition of BTK kinase(aa2-659, Carna Biosciences) in assays based on the time-resolvedfluorescence-resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) methodology. The assayswere carried out in 384-well low volume black plates in a reactionmixture containing BTK kinase, 5 μM ATP, 2 μM peptide substrate and 0-10μM compound in buffer containing 50 mM Tris pH7.4, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2 mMMnCl₂, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.005% Tween-20, 20 nM SEB and 0.01% BSA.The kinase was incubated with compound for 60 minutes at roomtemperature and the reaction was initiated by the addition of ATP andpeptide substrate. After reaction at room temperature for 60 minutes, anequal volume of stop/detection solution was added according to themanufacture's instruction (CisBio Bioassays). The stop/detectionsolution contained Eu³⁺ cryptate-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibody(PT66) anti-phosphotyrosine and XL665-conjugated streptavidin in buffercontaining 50 mM HEPES pHn7.0, 800 mM KF, 20 mM EDTA, and 0.1% BSA.Plates were sealed and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour, and theTR-FRET signals (ratio of fluorescence emission at 665 nm over emissionat 620 nm with excitation at 337 nm wavelength) were recorded on aPHERAstar FS plate reader (BMG Labtech). Phosphorylation of peptidesubstrate led to the binding of anti-phosphotyrosine antibody to thebiotinylated peptide substrate, which places fluorescent donor (Eu³⁺crypate) in close proximity to the accepter (Streptavidin-XL665), thusresulting in a high degree of fluorescence resonance energy transferfrom the donor fluorophore (at 620 nm) to the acceptor fluorophore (at665 nm). Inhibition of BTK kinase activity resulted in decrease of theTR-FRET signal. The IC₅₀ for Compound 1 was derived from fitting thedata to the four-parameter logistic equation by Graphpad Prism software.

(2) Biochemical Kinase Selectivity

Selectivity of Crystalline Form A was profiled against a panel of 342kinases at 1 M at Reaction Biology Corp. Crystalline Form A displayedless than 70% inhibition against 329 kinases, and greater than 70%inhibition against 13 kinases including BTK. IC_(50s) of CrystallineForm A (see Table 13), including ITK, TEC, JAK3 and EGFR assays carriedout in-house at BeiGene by using a TR-FRET assay and correspondingpeptides as the substrate.

IC₅₀ determination of ITK: The protocol of ITK assay is similar to BTKassay except for the following modification: 3 μM ATP and 2 μM TKsubstrate were used in the kinase reaction.

IC₅₀ determination of TEC: The protocol of Tec assay is similar to BTKassay except for the following modifications: 1) 280 μM ATP and 2 nMPoly-GT substrate were used in the kinase reaction; 2) the reactionbuffer doesn't contain SEB.

IC₅₀ determination of JAK3: The protocol of JAK3 assay is similar to BTKassay except for the following modifications: 1) 3.4 μM ATP and 3 μMpeptide substrate (B-EE-15, Biotin-EQEDEPEGDYFEWLE) were used in thekinase reaction; 2) the reaction buffer contains 50 mM Tris pH7.8, 10 mMMgCl₂, 5 mM DTT, 0.01% Triton X-100 and 0.01% BSA.

IC₅₀ determination of EGFR: The protocol of EGFR assay is similar to BTKassay except for the following modifications: 1) 20 μM ATP, 1.44 μM TKsubstrate-biotin (one universal substrate for tyrosine kinases) and0-1000 nM compound (the final concentration of 1% DMSO) were used in thekinase reaction; 2) the reaction buffer contains 50 mM HEPES pH7.5, 10mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 0.01% Brij-35, 2.5 mM DTT and 0.1% BSA; 3) thestop/detection solution buffer contains 25 mM HEPES pH7.5, 400 mM KF, 50mM EDTA, 0.01% Triton-X100 and 0.1% BSA.

Results:

IC₅₀ of Crystalline From A for BTK kinase was 0.27 nM. Crystalline FormA was shown to be a potent, specific and irreversible BTK kinaseinhibitor. In terms of its selectivity, Crystalline Form A inhibitedonly 13 other kinases more than 70% when profiled against a panel of 342human kinases at 1 μM.

TABLE 16 Enzymatic Inhibition Activities of Crystalline Form A EnzymeIC₅₀ (nM) BTK 0.27 ITK 53 TEC 1.9 JAK3 600 EGFR 3.6 BLK 1.13 BMX/ETK0.62 BRK 33 ERBB4/HER4 1.58 FGR 155 FRK/PTK5 379 LCK 187 TXK 2.95 Note:BTK, EGFR, ITK, TEC and JAK3 assays were carried out by using a TR-FRETassay and corresponding peptides as substrate. IC₅₀s of Crystalline FormA were measured at K_(M) of ATP for the five kinases and with 1-hourpre-incubation. HER4, BMX, TXK, BLK FGR, LCK, FRK/PTK5 assays werecarried out at Reaction Biology Corp. using ³³P-ATP and filter-bindingassay. IC₅₀s of Crystalline Form A were measured at 1M ATP and with1-hour pre-incubation.

Test 2: BTKpY223 Cellular Assay by Crystalline Form A Methods:

BTKpY223 cellular assay is a HTRF based assay intended to quantitativelydetermine the endogenous levels of phosphorylationat BTK Tyr223.Phosphorylated Tyr223 is necessary for full activation of BTK. The assaywas performed in Ramos cells (CRL-1596, ATCC) with a BTKpY223 assay kit(63IDC000, Cisbio).

Briefly, Ramos cells were serum starved in 0.5% FBS-containing RPMI1640for 2 hours. Following starvation, the cells were incubated withCrystalline Form A to be detected at various concentrations in a CO₂incubator for 1 hour. After incubation, cells were stimulated with 1 mMpervanadate (PV) or Na₃VO₄ (OV) for 20 min. Then, the cells were spundown and lysed with 1× lysis buffer at RT for 10 min (4× lysis buffersupplied in the kit). During incubation, 1× antibody mix was prepared bydiluting anti-BTK-d2 and anti-pBTK-K in detection buffer (supplied inthe kit). 2 ul/well of 1×antibody mixture was dispensed into theOptiPlate-384 assay plate (6005620, Perkin Elmer). After that, 18 μL ofcell lysate was transferred to the assay plate pre-loaded with antibodysolution. After mixing gently and spinning briefly, the plate was sealedup and kept in dark at RT for 18 hours. The fluorescence emission wasmeasured at two different wavelengths (665 nm and 620 nm) on acompatible HTRF reader (PHERAstar FS, BMG). The potency of Compound 1was calculated basing on the inhibition of ratio between signalintensities at 665 nm and 620 nm. IC₅₀ values were calculated withGraphPad Prism software using the sigmoidal doseresponse function.

Results:

Crystalline Form A inhibited the phosphorylation of BTK in the B celllymphoma cell line, Ramos, at concentration as low as 1.8±0.2 nM (n=3).

Test 3: Effects of Crystalline Form A on Tumor Cell Proliferation inHaematological Cancer Lines (Rec-1, Mino, JEKO-1 and TMD-8) Methods:

3 MCL cell lines (Rec-1, Mino and JEKO-1) and an ABC type diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma cell line (TMD8) were used in this study. Cell lineswere maintained in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovineserum/FBS (Thermo Scientific); 100 units/ml penicillin (Gibco) and 0.1mg/ml streptomycin (Gibco) and kept at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphereof 5% CO₂ in air. Cell lines were reinstated from frozen stocks thatwere laid down within 30 passages from the original cells purchased.

The growth-inhibitory activity of compounds in Rec-1, Mino, JEKO-1 andTMD-8 cells was determined using CellTiter-Glo luminescent cellviability assay (Promega). The number of cells seeded per well of a96-well plate was optimized for each cell line to ensure logarithmicgrowth over 6 days treatment period. Cells were treated in triplicatewith a 10-point dilution series. Following a 6-day exposure to thecompound, a volume of CellTiter-Glo reagent equal to the volume of cellculture medium present in each well was added. Mixture was mixed on anorbital shaker for 2 minutes to allow cell lysis, followed by 10 minutesincubation at room temperature to allow development and stabilization ofluminescent signal, which corresponded to quantity of ATP and thus thequantity of metabolically active cells. Luminescent signal was measuredusing PHERAstar FS reader (BMG Labtech). IC₅₀ values for cell viabilitywere determined with GraphPad Prism software and were the mean of 3independent assays.

Results:

Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 exhibited specific and potentinhibitory effect on cellular proliferation in 3 MCL cell lines and anABC type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line (TMD8) (Table 17).

TABLE 17 Inhibition of Crystalline Form A on hematic tumor cellproliferation Cell line Cell Type Potency IC50(nM) Standarddeviation(nM) Rec-1 MCL 0.36 0.03 Mino MCL 3.8 1.8 JEKO-1 MCL 20.0 NATMD-8 DLBCL(ABC) 0.54 0.3

Test 4: Pharmacokinetics Study of Crystalline Form a in Mouse Methods:

For time course study, mice were randomly assigned into 7 groups with 4mice per group. Mice were treated with single dose of Crystalline Form Aof Compound 1 and euthanized using carbon dioxide at different timepoints (30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24 hrs) after dosing. For dosedependency study, mice were randomly assigned into 9 groups with 4 miceper group. Mice were treated with different dose levels of CrystallineForm A of Compound 1 and euthanized using carbon dioxide at 4 hrs afterdosing. Treatments were administered by oral gavage (p.o.) in a volumeof 10 ml/kg body weight. Body weight was assessed immediately beforedosing and volume dosed was adjusted accordingly.

PK SAMPLE PREPARATION: For time course study, blood samples (50 μL permouse) were collected from the retro-orbital sinus underisoflurane/oxygen anesthesia at 15 min after dosing (this group of micewere also used for 24 hr time point) or heart puncture aftereuthanization for the other time points. For dose dependency study,blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital sinus underisoflurane/oxygen anesthesia at 30 minutes after dosing. Plasma wascollected by centrifugation at 3,000 g for 10 minutes and was keptfrozen in −80° C. until analysis.

PK Analysis: maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach Cmax(Tmax) were taken directly from the plasma concentration versus timeprofiles.

Results:

Crystalline Form A was quickly absorbed and eliminated in ICR mice.

Test 5: Efficacy Study of Crystalline Form a for in TMD-8 XenograftModel Tumor Implantation Methods:

Animals were pre-treated with cyclophosphamide (prepared in saline, 150mg/kg i.p.) and disulfiram (prepared in 0.8% Tween 80 in saline, 125mg/kg p.o., one hour after each dose of cyclophosphamide) once daily fortwo days. Animals were then inoculated with TMD-8 cells 24 hours afterthe second dose of cyclophosphamide. On the day of implantation, cellculture medium was replaced with fresh medium. Four hours later, mediawas removed and cells were collected as described above. Cells werere-suspended in cold (4° C.) PBS and same volume of matrigel (BD, Cat#356237) was added to give a final concentration of 2.5×10⁷ cells/ml.Resuspended cells were placed on ice prior to inoculation The rightaxilla region of each mouse was cleaned with 75% ethanol prior to cellinoculation. Each animal was injected subcutaneously with 5×10⁶ cells in200 μl of cell suspension in the right front flank via a 26-gaugeneedle.

For in vivo efficacy studies, starting from day 3 after cellinoculation, animals were randomly assigned into desired number ofgroups with 10 mice per group. Mice were treated twice daily (BID) withvehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)+0.2% Tween 80), and differentdose levels of Crystalline Fonn A of Compound 1 for 39 days. Treatmentswere administered by oral gavage (p.o.) in a volume of 10 ml/kg bodyweight. Body weight was assessed immediately before dosing and volumedosed was adjusted accordingly. Tumor volume was measured twice weeklyin two dimensions using a calliper (measureable from day 11 postinoculation in this study). Tumor volume was calculated using theformula: V=0.5×(a×b²) where a and b are the long and short diameters ofthe tumor, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted using thestudent T-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Oneindividual was responsible for tumor measurement for the entire durationof the study. Body weights were also recorded twice weekly. Mice werealso being monitored daily for clinical signs of toxicity for theduration of the study.

Results:

In vivo efficacy of Crystalline Form A was examined in TMD-8 DLBCLxenografts grown subcutaneously in NOD/SCID mice. Following daily oraladministration at well tolerated at different dose levels twice daily(BID), Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 induced dose-dependentanti-tumor effects. Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 at lowest dosetested already showed strong anti-tumor activity. All treatment groupshad no significant impact on animal body weight throughout the study.

Test 6: Efficacy Study of Crystalline Form a in Systemic REC-1 XenograftModel

Tumor implantation Methods:

Animals were pre-treated with cyclophosphamide (prepared in saline, 150mpk i.p.) and disulfiram (prepared in 0.8% TW-80 in saline, 125 mpkp.o., one hour after each dose of cyclophosphamide) once daily for twodays. Animals were then inoculated with REC-1 cells 24 hours after thesecond dose of cyclophosphamide. On the day of implantation, cellculture medium was replaced with fresh medium. Four hours later, mediawas removed and cells were collected as described above. Cells werere-suspended in cold (4° C.) PBS to give a final concentration of 1×10⁸cells/ml. Resuspended cells were placed on ice prior to implantation.Each animal was injected intravenously via tail vein with 1×10⁷ cells in100 1 of cell suspension.

For in vivo efficacy studies, starting from day 8 after cellinoculation, animals were randomly assigned into desired number ofgroups with 10 mice per group. Mice were treated either twice daily(BID) with vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)+0.2% Tween 80),different dose levels of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 for 71 days.All dosing was stopped on day 78 after inoculation. Treatments wereadministered by oral gavage (p.o.) in a volume of 10 ml/kg body weight.Body weight was assessed immediately before dosing and volume dosed wasadjusted accordingly. Body weight was recorded twice weekly (changed tothree times per week from day 33). Mice were also watched daily forclinical signs of sickness for the duration of the study. The endpointof the study is overall survival. In the case of severe toxic effect,such as loss of movement, mice were euthanized and scored as death.

For Data Analysis: Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meiermethod. The survival time was defined as the time from the day of tumorcell inoculation to the date of animal death or being euthanized. Foreach group, median survival time (MST), range of survival time (RST)with 95% confidence interval and increase in life-span (ILS) werecalculated. Median survival is defined as the time when 50% of mice havedied. ILS was calculated using the following formula:

% ILS=(MST−MST_((vehicle)))/MST_((vehicle))×100

Statistical analysis was conducted between each group usingGehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon Test. P<0.05 was considered as statisticallysignificant.

Results:

Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 demonstrated dose-dependent anti-tumoractivity against systemic REC-1 MCL engrafts in NOD/SCID mice.Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 was significantly effective in thisxenograft model.

Test 7: Toxicology of Crystalline Form A

A comprehensive nonclinical toxicity study program, including 28-day GLPstudies in rats and dogs and several investigational studies, wasconducted for the evaluation of the preclinical safety of CrystallineForm A of Compound 1 at different doses. These studies took account theavailable regulatory guidance for preclinical development of anticancerdrugs. In these studies, Compound 1 demonstrated a favorable toxicologyand safety pharmacology profile. No test article-related mortalityoccurred at any dose levels throughout the study. No toxicologicallysignificant changes in clinical chemistry or coagulation were notedthroughout the study. None of these changes were noted after therecovery phase.

Test 8: Pharmacokinetics of Crystalline Form A

The fully-validated LC-MS/MS method was well used for thepharmacokinetic (PK) studies of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 inSprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs following single- and multiple-doseadministrations.

Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 has good oral bioavailability in rats.It was quickly absorbed and exhibited high plasma clearance (CL) inrats. The kinetics was linear over the dose range in female rats. Thelinearity in male rats was not as good. There was no statisticallysignificant accumulation of Compound 1 following multiple oral dosing inboth male and female rats. Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 exhibitedmoderate clearance (CL), reasonably good bioavailability (F %), linearPK over the dose range and no accumulation of Compound 1 followingmultiple oral dosing in dogs.

Test 9: ADME of Crystalline Form A

Compound 1 was widely distributed to various tissues, but was low inbrain tissue, indicating the drug does not easily cross the blood-brainbarrier.

IC₅₀ values of Crystalline Form A of Compound 1 for seven major drugmetabolizing CYP isozymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19,CYP2D6, and CYP3A) were determined in human liver microsomes and thetime-dependent inhibition potential on major CYP isozymes of Compound 1was also evaluated. It showed weak inhibition on CYP2C8 (IC₅₀=4.03 μM),CYP2C9 (IC₅₀=5.69 μM) and CYP2C19 (IC₅₀=7.58 μM), but lower inhibitionon other CYP isozymes. Compound 1 is unlikely to be time dependent CYPinhibitors on these 7 major human CYPs. CYP3A is the major CYP isoformresponsible for the metabolism in human liver microsomes.

Example 12 Clinical Trail Study

(1) Ongoing Clinical Trial Phase 1 Result on Compound 1 in Patients withAdvanced B Cell Malignancies

The first-in-human multi-center, open-label phase 1 trial of Compound 1is being conducted in Australia and New Zealand and is comprised of twoparts—a dose-escalation phase involving 25 patients and a dose-expansionphase, in which we plan to enroll a total of 100 patients. A total of 39patients, including all 25 patients from the initial dose-escalationcomponent and 14 patients from the ongoing dose-expansion component wereenrolled. Based on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety andefficacy of Compound 1 in the dose-escalation phase, 320 mg once daily(QD) and 160 mg twice daily (BID) are being further explored in theongoing dose-expansion trial.

As of Oct. 19, 2015, the cutoff date for data analysis, 29 objectiveresponses have been observed, including 3 complete responses (CRs), 1very good partial response (VGPR), and 25 partial responses (PRs).Responses by histology are summarized in Table 18. 31 of the 39 patientsremain on study treatment, free of progression, including all patientsto date who have achieved an objective response.

TABLE 18 Responses by histology of Patients Follow-up Days Best ResponseORR Median (Range) CR PR SD PD (CR + PR) Chronic 220 (83-329) 0/14 (0%)13/14¹ (93%) 1/14 (7%) 0 (0%) 13/14 (93%) Lymphocytic Leukemia MantleCell 148 (84-302) 2/10 (20%) 6/10 (60%) 1/10 (10%) 1/10 (10%) 8/10 (80%)Lymphoma Waldenström's 271 (11-398) 0/7 (0%) 6/7² (86%) 0/7 (0%) 1/7(14%) 6/7 (86%) Macroglobulinemia DLBCL 29 (20-236) 1/4 (25%) 0/4 (0%)0/4 (0%) 3/4 (75%) 1/4 (25%) Indolent NHL 233 (215-250) 0/2 (0%) 0/2(0%) 2/2 (100%) 0/2 (0%) 0/2 (0%) Hairy Cell 362 0/1 (0%) 1/1 (100%) 0/1(0%) 0/1 (0%) 1/1 (100%) Leukemia Burkitt's-like  84 0/1 (0%) 0/1 (0%)0/1 (0%) 1/1 (100%) 0/1 (0%) Lymphoma ¹Includes five patients withlymphocytosis at latest assessment; ²Includes one patient with VGPRNote: CR = complete response; PR = partial response; SD = stabledisease; PD = progressive disease; ORR = objective response rate

8 patients discontinued Compound 1, including 6 due to diseaseprogression and 2 due to adverse events related to their underlyingmalignancy. 3 patients died during study as a result of diseaseprogression or complications of disease progression. There were nodrug-related serious adverse events (SAEs). The vast majority of adverseevents, regardless of relationship to treatment, were Grade 1 or 2 inseverity and not treatment-limiting. Of the 19≥Grade 3 AEs, 4 wereassessed by investigators as possibly drug-related—all were self-limitedneutropenia, not requiring treatment discontinuation. There was one caseof major hemorrhage, defined as a bleeding event grade 3 or higher or anintracranial bleeding event of any grade: GI hemorrhage in a mantle celllymphoma patient with lymphomatous involvement of the GI tract; thisbleeding event occurred during drug hold, and resolved rapidly withre-initiation of Compound 1 treatment, and therefore is not consideredto be drug-related. 6 patients had a baseline history of atrialfibrillation/flutter (AF), and no exacerbation or new event of AF wasreported.

(2) Ongoing Clinical Trial Phase 1 Result on Compound 1 in Patients withWaldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM)

The multi-center, open-label Phase 1 trial of Compound 1 in B-cellmalignancies is being conducted in Australia, New Zealand, South Korea,and the United States and consists of a dose-escalation phase and adose-expansion phase in disease-specific cohorts, which includetreatment naïve and relapsed/refractory waldenström's macroglobulinemia(R/R WM). The dose-escalation component of the trail tested total dailydoses ranging from 40 mg to 320 mg, and the ongoing dose-expansion phaseis testing doses of 160 mg twice a day (BID) or 320 mg once a day (QD).As of Mar. 31, 2017, 48 patients with WM were enrolled in the study.Responses were determined according to the modified Sixth InternationalWorkshop on WM (IWWM) criteria.

Compound 1 was shown to be well tolerated with no discontinuation forCompound 1-related toxicity to date. Adverse events (AEs) were generallymild in severity and self-limited. The most frequent AEs (>10%) of anyattribution among 48 patients evaluable for safety werepetechiae/purpura/contusion (35%), upper respiratory tract infection(31%), constipation (25%), diarrhea (19%), epistaxis (19%), nausea(17%), cough (15%), anemia (15%), headache (15%), neutropenia (13%), andrash (13%), all of which were grade 1 or 2 in severity except for grade3 or 4 anemia and neutropenia (8% each) as well as grade 3 or 4 diarrheaand headache (2% each). Five serious AEs were assessed to be possiblyrelated to Compound 1; these included one case each of hemothorax,atrial fibrillation, colitis, febrile neutropenia, and headache. AmongAEs of special interest, there were a total of three cases of atrialfibrillation (all grade 1 or 2), and one case of serious hemorrhage(hemothorax), defined as grade 3 or higher hemorrhage or central nervoussystem hemorrhage of any grade. Three events led to treatmentdiscontinuation: one case each of bronchiectasis, prostateadenocarcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of pylorus.

At the time of the data cutoff, 42 patients were evaluable for response.Patients not evaluable for efficacy included two patients with less than12 weeks of follow-up, three patients with IgM<500 mg/dl at baseline,and one patient with inaccurate baseline IgM due to cryoprotein. At amedian follow-up of 12.3 months (4.4-30.5 months), the ORR was 90% (38/42 patients) and the major response rate was 76% ( 32/42 patients),with VGPRs in 43% ( 18/42) of patients and partial responses in 33% (14/42) of patients.

(3) Ongoing Clinical Trial Phase 1 Result on Compound 1 in Patients withChronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL/SLL)

The multi-center, open-label Phase 1 trial of Compound 1 in patientswith B-cell malignancies is being conducted in Australia, New Zealand,South Korea, and the United States and consists of a dose-escalationphase and a dose-expansion phase in disease-specific cohorts, whichinclude treatment naïve (TN) and relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL/SLL. Thedose-escalation component of the trail tested total daily doses between40 mg and 320 mg, and the ongoing dose-expansion component is testingdoses of 160 mg twice a day (BID) or 320 mg once a day (QD). As of Mar.31, 2017, 69 patients with CLL or SLL (18 TN, 51 R/R) were enrolled inthe study.

Compound 1 was shown to be well tolerated in CLL/SLL. The most frequentadverse events (AEs) (≥10%) of any attribution werepetechiae/purpura/contusion (46%), fatigue (29%), upper respiratorytract infection (28%), cough (23%), diarrhea (22%), headache (19%),hematuria (15%), nausea (13%), rash (13%), arthralgia (12%), musclespasms (12%), and urinary tract infection (12%); all of these eventswere grade 1 or 2 except for one case of grade 3 purpura (subcutaneoushemorrhage), which was the only major bleeding event. Additional adverseevents of interest included one case of each grade 2 diarrhea and grade2 atrial fibrillation. A total of 18 serious AEs (SAES) occurred in 13patients, with no SAE occurring in more than one patient. Only onepatient discontinued treatment due to an AE, a grade 2 pleural effusion.

At the time of the data cutoff, 66 patients (16 TN and 50 R/R) had morethan 12 weeks of follow-up and were evaluable for efficacy, and threeother patients had less than 12 weeks of follow-up. After a medianfollow-up of 10.5 months (2.2-26.8 months), the overall response rate(ORR) was 94% ( 62/66) with complete responses (CRs) in 3% ( 2/66),partial responses (PRs) in 82% ( 54/66), and PRs with lymphocytosis(PR-Ls) in 9% ( 6/66) of patients. Stable disease (SD) was observed in5% ( 3/66) of patients. The patient with pleural effusion discontinuedtreatment prior to week 12 and was not evaluable for response. There wasone instance of Hodgkin's transformation. In TN CLL/SLL, at a medianfollow-up time of 7.6 months (3.7-11.6 months), the ORR was 100% (16/16)with CRs in 6% ( 1/16), PRs in 81% ( 13/16) and PR-Ls in 13% ( 2/16) ofpatients. In R/R CLL/SLL, at a median follow-up time of 14.0 months(2.2-26.8 months), the ORR was 92% ( 46/50) with CRs in 2% ( 1/50), PRsin 82% ( 41/50), and PR-Ls in 8% ( 4/50) of patients. Stable disease wasobserved in 6% ( 3/50) patients.

1-42. (canceled)
 43. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and b) a means fortreating a B-cell malignancy, wherein the pharmaceutical compositioncomprises said means in an amount effective to treat the B-cellmalignancy.
 44. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 43,wherein the B-cell malignancy is mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Waldenstrommacroglobulinemia (WM), or marginal zone lymphoma (MZL).
 45. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 43, wherein the B-cellmalignancy is diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle celllymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia(WM), or marginal zone lymphoma (MZL).
 46. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 43, wherein the B-cell malignancy is arelapsed/refractory B-cell malignancy.
 47. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 43, wherein the B-cell malignancy isrelapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (R/R MCL), relapsed/refractorychronic lymphocytic leukemia (R/R CLL), relapsed/refractory smalllymphocytic lymphoma (R/R SLL), or relapsed/refractory Waldenstrommacroglobulinemia (R/R WM).
 48. The pharmaceutical composition accordingto claim 43, comprising from 40 mg to 320 mg of said means.
 49. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 43, comprising 160 mg ofsaid means.
 50. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 43,comprising 320 mg of said means.
 51. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 43, wherein the effective amount is an amountsufficient to provide a total daily dose of 320 mg of said means in oneor more doses.
 52. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 43,wherein the effective amount is an amount sufficient to provide atwice-daily dose of 160 mg of said means.
 53. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 43, comprising from 1 wt % to 99 wt % ofsaid means, relative to the total weight of the composition.
 54. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 43, comprising from 1 wt %to 70 wt % of said means, relative to the total weight of thecomposition.
 55. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 43,comprising from 10 wt % to 30 wt % of said means, relative to the totalweight of the composition.
 56. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:a) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and b) an amountof a means for treating a B-cell malignancy sufficient to provide atotal daily dose of 320 mg of said means, wherein the B-cell malignancyis diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL),follicular lymphoma (FL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), smalllymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), marginalzone lymphoma (MZL), relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (R/R MCL),relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (R/R CLL),relapsed/refractory small lymphocytic lymphoma (R/R SLL), orrelapsed/refractory Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (R/R WM).
 57. Apharmaceutical composition comprising: a) at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, and b) a means for treating a B-cell malignancy ina patient, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises from 40 mgto 320 mg of said means.
 58. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 57, comprising: a) at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient, and b) a means for treating diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), chroniclymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL),Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), or marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). 59.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 57, comprising: a) atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and b) a means fortreating mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM),or marginal zone lymphoma (MZL).
 60. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 57, comprising: a) at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, and b) a means for treating a relapsed/refractoryB-cell malignancy in a patient.
 61. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 58, comprising 160 mg of said means.
 62. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 58, comprising 320 mg ofsaid means.